Zusammenfassung
Bei Patienten mit Hirnödem muss die Pathophysiologie der unterschiedlichen Formen
des Hirnödems berücksichtigt werden, um die auch heute noch eingeschränkten Behandlungsmöglichkeiten
unverzüglich, sinnvoll und konsequent einsetzen zu können. Man unterscheidet 2 Arten
von Hirnödemen, das zytotoxische und das vasogene Hirnödem, die in unterschiedlicher
Ausprägung nebeneinander bei einem Patienten auftreten können. Oberkörper–Hochlagerung,
Hyperventilation, osmotisch aktive Substanzen oder eine gezielte Senkung des Hirnstoffwechsels
durch Sedierung oder Hypothermie sollten unter Überwachung von ICP und Blutdruck erfolgen.
Möglicherweise führt eine Berücksichtigung der individuellen Autoregulationsmöglichkeiten
in der Zukunft zu einem effektiveren Einsatz der dargestellten Behandlungsprinzipien.
Die weitere Erforschung der Aquaporine kann neue Wege eröffnen, die Entstehung und
die Mobilisation eines Hirnödems zu beeinflussen.
Abstract:
In patients with brain edema the pathophysiology of the different forms of edema have
to be considered to ensure the prompt, sensible and consistent use of the limited
treatment modalities available. Brain edema may be classified into cytotoxic and vasogenic
edema, these two types often coexist in one patient. Head elevation, hyperventilation,
osmotic therapy and reduction of brain metabolism by sedation or hypothermia should
be used closely monitoring ICP and blood pressure. In the future considering the autoregulatory
capacity of the individual patient will possibly lead to a more effective action of
the treatment modalities described. Further research will open new perspectives how
aquaporines are involved in the genesis and mobilisation of brain edema.
Schlüsselwörter:
Hirnödem - zerebrale Autoregulation - Mannitol - Hypothermie - Aquaporine - Hyperventilation
Keywords:
brain edema - cerebral autoregulation - mannitol - hypothermia - aquaporine - hyperventilation
Kernaussagen
-
Das zytotoxische Ödem ist definiert als Ansammlung von Flüssigkeit im Inneren der
Zelle, die häufigste Ursache hierfür ist eine zerebrale Ischämie. Das vasogene Ödem
entsteht durch eine Öffnung der Blut–Hirn–Schranke.
-
Beim Schädel–Hirn–Trauma ist das Ödem zunächst überwiegend zytotoxischer Natur –
ein vasogenes Ödem spielt erst nach 24 bis 48h eine Rolle.
-
Nach intrazerebraler Blutung ist die Aktivierung der Gerinnungskaskade (neben Raumforderung
und osmotischen Effekten) für die Entstehung eines Ödems von entscheidender Bedeutung.
-
Nach Subarachnoidalblutung entsteht durch die Ischämie ein zytotoxisches Ödem. Als
Ursache wird eine vorübergehende globale Ischämie verbunden mit einem initialen Bewusstseinsverlust
diskutiert.
-
Aquaporin 4 ist impliziert sowohl bei der Entstehung eines zytotoxischen Ödems als
auch beim Ausschwemmen eines vasogenen Ödems. Eine Beeinflussung der Aquaporine würde
einen neuen Ansatz zur Hirnödemtherapie darstellen, der die bisherigen Therapiemodule
sinnvoll ergänzen könnte.
-
Eine routinemäßige Oberkörper–Hochlagerung kann ohne entsprechendes Monitoring nicht
empfohlen werden.
-
Die durch eine unkritisch angewendete, prophylaktische Hyperventilation induzierte
zerebrale Vasokonstriktion kann Ischämien verursachen.
-
Mannitol wird meist zur kurzfristigen Hirndrucksenkung bei diagnostischen Maßnahmen
(CT) oder operativen Eingriffen (Hämatomausräumung) eingesetzt.
-
Hypertone Lösungen konnten erfolgreich bei mannitolrefraktären Hirndruckanstiegen
eingesetzt werden, es gibt derzeit aber keine allgemeingültige Dosisempfehlung.
-
Eine Hypovolämie ist beim Einsatz von osmotisch wirksamen Substanzen unbedingt zu
vermeiden.
-
Die moderate Hypothermie (33–35°C) ist eine erwiesenermaßen wirksame Methode zur
Senkung erhöhter Hirndrücke. Ob durch sie das Outcome der Patienten verbessert wird,
ist derzeit noch unklar. Unabhängig davon sind sich alle Experten einig, dass Hyperthermie
bei Schädel–Hirn–Verletzten, Reanimierten oder Schlaganfallpatienten unbedingt zu
vermeiden ist.
-
Das Haupteinsatzgebiet der Barbiturate ist die maximale Reduzierung des Hirnstoffwechsels
mit zerebraler Vasokonstriktion zur Beherrschung einer Hirndruckkrise nachdem alle
anderen Maßnahmen bereits ausgeschöpft sind.
-
Dexametheson und andere Steroide sollten, außer bei Tumoren und Hirnabszessen, nicht
zur Standardtherapie des Hirnödems eingesetzt werden.
-
Die aktuellen Leitlinien der Brain–Trauma–Foundation geben ein Klasse–II–Empfehlung,
CPP–Werte über 70 mmHg unbedingt zu vermeiden.
-
Die unkritische Anwendung von Katecholaminen zur Steigerung des CPP kann bei Patienten
mit aufgehobener zerebraler Autoregulation die Ödembildung verstärken.
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Prof. Dr. med. Ralf Scherer
Email: r.scherer@clemenshospital.de